Introduction
Recommendations for Cryptographic Algorithms
Introduction to Cryptography
Next Generation Encryption
NGE Background Information
Categories of Cryptographic Algorithms
Symmetric Key
Public Key
Elliptic Curve
Hash
Security Levels
Cryptographic Algorithm Configuration Guidelines
IPsec VPN with Encapsulating Security Payload
Internet Key Exchange in VPN Technologies
Transport Layer Security and Cipher Suites
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix A: Minimum Cryptography Recommendations
Over the years, numerous cryptographic algorithms have been developed and used in many different protocols and functions. Cryptography is by no means static. Steady advances in computing and the science of cryptanalysis have made it necessary to adopt newer, stronger algorithms and larger key sizes. Older algorithms are supported in current products to ensure backward compatibility and interoperability. However, some older algorithms and key sizes no longer provide adequate protection from modern threats and should be replaced. This paper summarizes the security of cryptographic algorithms and parameters, gives concrete recommendations regarding which cryptography should be used and which cryptography should be replaced, and describes alternatives and mitigations.
The following table can help customers migrate from legacy ciphers to current or more secure ciphers. The table explains each cryptographic algorithm that is available, the operations that each algorithm supports, and whether an algorithm is Cisco's best recommendation. Customers should pay particular attention to algorithms designated as Avoid or Legacy. The status labels are explained following the table.
Table 1. Recommendations for Cryptographic Algorithms
| Algorithm | Operation | Status | Alternative | QCR1 | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DES | Encryption | Avoid | AES | — | — |
| 3DES | Encryption | Legacy | AES | — | Short key lifetime |
| RC4 | Encryption | Avoid | AES | — | — |
AES-CBC mode AES-GCM mode |
Encryption Authenticated encryption |
Acceptable NGE2 |
AES-GCM — |
✓ (256-bit) ✓ (256-bit) |
— — |
DH-768, -1024 RSA-768, -1024 DSA-768, -1024 |
Key exchange Encryption Authentication |
Avoid |
DH-3072 (Group 15) RSA-3072 DSA-3072 |
— — — |
— — — |
DH-2048 RSA-2048 DSA-2048 |
Key exchange Encryption Authentication |
Acceptable |
ECDH-256 — ECDSA-256 |
— — — |
— — — |
DH-3072 RSA-3072 DSA-3072 |
Key exchange Encryption Authentication |
Acceptable | ECDH-256 — ECDSA-256 |
— — — |
— — — |
| MD5 | Integrity | Avoid | SHA-256 | — | — |
SHA-1 |
Integrity |
Legacy |
SHA-256 |
— | — |
SHA-256 SHA-384 SHA-512 |
Integrity |
NGE |
SHA-384 — — |
— ✓ ✓ |
— — — |
| HMAC-MD5 | Integrity | Legacy | HMAC-SHA-256 | — | Short key lifetime |
| HMAC-SHA-1 | Integrity | Acceptable | HMAC-SHA-256 | — | — |
| HMAC-SHA-256 | Integrity | NGE | — | ✓ | — |
ECDH-256 ECDSA-256 |
Key exchange Authentication |
Acceptable |
ECDH-384 ECDSA-384 |
— — |
— — |
ECDH-384 ECDSA-384 |
Key exchange Authentication |
NGE |
— — |
— — |
— — |
| 1. QCR = quantum computer resistant. 2. NGE = next generation encryption. |
|||||
Avoid: Algorithms that are marked as Avoid do not provide adequate security against modern threats and should not be used to protect sensitive information. It is recommended that these algorithms be replaced with stronger algorithms.
Legacy: Legacy algorithms provide a marginal but acceptable security level. They should be used only when no better alternatives are available, such as when interoperating with legacy equipment. It is recommended that these legacy algorithms be phased out and replaced with stronger algorithms.
Acceptable: Acceptable algorithms provide adequate security.
Next generation encryption (NGE): NGE algorithms are expected to meet the security and scalability requirements of the next two decades. For more information, see Next Generation Encryption.
Quantum computer resistant (QCR): In recent years, there has been attention on quantum computers (QCs) and their potential impact on current cryptography standards. Although practical QCs would pose a threat to crypto standards for public-key infrastructure (PKI) key exchange and encryption, no one has demonstrated a practical quantum computer yet. It is an area of active research and growing interest. Although it is possible, it can't be said with certainty whether practical QCs will be built in the future. An algorithm that would be secure even after a QC is built is said to have postquantum security or be quantum computer resistant (QCR). AES-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 are believed to have postquantum security. There are public key algorithms that are believed to have postquantum security too, but there are no standards for their use in Internet protocols yet.
Cisco is committed to providing the best cryptographic standards to our customers. NGE still includes the best standards that one can implement today to meet the security and scalability requirements for network security in the years to come or to interoperate with the cryptography that will be deployed in that time frame. The biggest threat to crypto nowadays is another high-impact implementation issue, not a QC. So while we need to get smart about postquantum crypto, we need to do it in a way that doesn't create more complexity and less robustness. Cisco will remain actively involved in quantum resistant cryptography and will provide updates as postquantum secure algorithms are standardized.
Short key lifetime: Use of a short key lifetime improves the security of legacy ciphers that are used on high-speed connections. In IPsec, a 24-hour lifetime is typical. A 30-minute lifetime improves the security of legacy algorithms and is recommended.
Cryptography can provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation for communications in public networks, storage, and more. Some real-world applications include protocols and technologies such as VPN networks, HTTPS web transactions, and management through SSH.
Over the years, some cryptographic algorithms have been deprecated, "broken," attacked, or proven to be insecure. There have been research publications that compromise or affect the perceived security of almost all algorithms by using reduced step attacks or others such as known plaintext, bit flip, and more. Additionally, advances in computing reduce the cost of information processing and data storage to retain effective security. Because of Moore's law and a similar empirical law for storage costs, symmetric cryptographic keys must grow by 1 bit every 18 months. For an encryption system to have a useful shelf life and securely interoperate with other devices throughout its life span, the system should provide security for 10 or more years into the future. The use of good cryptography is more important now than ever before because of the very real threat of well-funded and knowledgeable attackers.
Cryptographic algorithms, in general, are divided into the following categories:
The following section presents the recommended algorithms and key sizes for each category.
Next generation encryption (NGE) technologies satisfy the security requirements described in the preceding sections while using cryptographic algorithms that scale better. This document presents algorithms that are considered secure at present, the status of algorithms that are no longer considered secure, the key sizes that provide adequate security levels, and next generation cryptographic algorithms.
NGE offers the best technologies for future-proof cryptography and it is setting the industry trend. These are the best standards that one can implement today to meet the security and scalability requirements for years to come and to interoperate with the cryptography that will be deployed in that time frame.
The algorithms that comprise NGE are the result of more than 30 years of global advancement and evolution in cryptography. Each constituent component of NGE has its own history, depicting the diverse history of the NGE algorithms as well as their long-standing academic and community review. For instance, AES was named by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) but AES was not created by NIST. AES was originally called Rijndael and was created by two Belgian cryptographers. Additionally, ECDSA and ECDH have had fundamental contributions by cryptographers from around the world, including Japan, Canada, and the United States. In the end, NGE is composed of globally created, globally reviewed, and publicly available algorithms.
The following sections discuss the NGE algorithms in more detail.
There are four groups of cryptographic algorithms.
Symmetric key algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption. Examples include 3DES and AES. 3DES, which consists of three sequential Data Encryption Standard (DES) encryption-decryptions, is a legacy algorithm. This designation means that 3DES provides a marginal but acceptable security level, but its keys should be renewed relatively often. Because of its small key size, DES is no longer secure and should be avoided. RC4 should be avoided too.
AES with 128-bit keys provides adequate protection for sensitive information. AES with 256-bit keys is required to protect classified information of higher importance.
Public key algorithms use different keys for encryption and decryption. These keys are usually called the private key, which is secret, and the public key, which is publicly available. The private and public keys are cryptographically related. The private key cannot be derived from the public key. The private key can be used only by its owner and the public key can be used by third parties to perform operations with the key owner.
The RSA algorithms for encryption and digital signatures are less efficient at higher security levels, as is the integer-based Diffie-Hellman (DH) algorithm. There are subexponential attacks that can be used against these algorithms. To compensate, their key sizes must be substantially increased. In practice, this means that RSA and DH are becoming less efficient every year. DH, DSA, and RSA can be used with a 3072-bit modulus to protect sensitive information. Smaller DH, DSA, and RSA key sizes, such as 768 or 1024, should be avoided.
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a newer alternative to public key cryptography. ECC operates on elliptic curves over finite fields. The main advantage of elliptic curves is their efficiency. They can offer the same level of security for modular arithmetic operations over much smaller prime fields. Thus, the relative performance of ECC algorithms is significantly better than traditional public key cryptography.
ECDH is a method for key exchange and ECDSA is used for digital signatures. ECDH and ECDSA using 256-bit prime modulus secure elliptic curves provide adequate protection for sensitive information. ECDH and ECDSA over 384-bit prime modulus secure elliptic curves are required to protect classified information of higher importance.
Hash algorithms are also called digital fingerprinting algorithms. They are irreversible functions that provide a fixed-size hash based on various inputs. Irreversibility and collision resistance are necessary attributes for successful hash functions. Examples of hash functions are Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) and SHA-256.
Message Digest 5 (MD5) is a hash function that is insecure and should be avoided. SHA-1 is a legacy algorithm and thus is NOT adequately secure. SHA-256 provides adequate protection for sensitive information. On the other hand, SHA-384 is required to protect classified information of higher importance.
Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) is a construction that uses a secret key and a hash function to provide a message authentication code (MAC) for a message. HMAC is used for integrity verification. HMAC-MD5, which uses MD5 as its hash function, is a legacy algorithm. Note that MD5 as a hash function itself is not secure. It provides adequate security today but its keys should be renewed relatively often. Alternatively, we recommend HMAC-SHA-256. HMAC-SHA-1 is also acceptable.
The following table shows the relative security level provided by the recommended and NGE algorithms. The security level is the relative strength of an algorithm. An algorithm with a security level of x bits is stronger than one of y bits if x > y. If an algorithm has a security level of x bits, the relative effort it would take to "beat" the algorithm is of the same magnitude of breaking a secure x-bit symmetric key algorithm (without reduction or other attacks). The 128-bit security level is for sensitive information and the 192-bit level is for information of higher importance.
Table 2. Security Strength by Algorithm
| Algorithm | Security Level |
|---|---|
AES-128 DH, DSA, RSA-3072 SHA-256 ECDH, ECDSA-256 |
128 bits |
AES-192 SHA-384 ECDH, ECDSA-384 |
192 bits |
AES-256 SHA-512 ECDH, ECDSA-521 |
256 bits |
After the review of NGE algorithms and recommendations on choosing cryptographic algorithms, it is worthwhile to review specific guidelines for security technology configuration. The guidelines in this section are by no means all inclusive. Cryptography is widely deployed in almost every technology; thus, it is impossible to provide exhaustive guidelines for every technology that employs cryptography.
Use the following guidelines when configuring IPsec VPN encryption with Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP):
The following example shows a Cisco IOS Software or Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) transform set configuration that uses 256-bit AES encryption and HMAC-SHA-256 authentication for ESP IPsec in tunnel mode:
crypto ipsec transform my-transform-set esp-aes 256 esp-sha256-hmac
Use the following guidelines when configuring Internet Key Exchange (IKE) in VPN technologies:
Caution: Administrators are advised to use caution regarding processing load when they choose IKE groups. Load depends on platform limitations. Some platforms may not support Group 15 or 16 in hardware, and handling them in the CPU could add significant load to the processor in lower-end products or multiple simultaneous IKE negotiation scenarios.
For Cisco ASA 5500 Series models, administrators are strongly advised to enable hardware processing instead of software processing for large modulus operations, such as 3072-bit certificates. Initially enabling hardware processing by using the crypto engine large-mod-accel command, which was introduced in ASA version 8.3(2), during a low-use or maintenance period will minimize a temporary packet loss that can occur during the transition of processing from software to hardware. For the Cisco ASA 5540 and ASA 5550 using SSL VPN, administrators may want to continue to use software processing for large keys in specific load conditions. If VPN sessions are added very slowly and the ASA device runs at capacity, the negative impact to data throughput is larger than the positive impact for session establishment.
The following example shows a Cisco IOS Software IKE configuration that uses 128-bit AES for encryption, pre-shared key authentication, and 256-bit ECDH (Group 19):
crypto isakmp policy 10 encryption aes authentication pre-share group 19
The following example shows a Cisco IOS Software IKEv2 proposal configuration that uses 256-bit CBC-mode AES for encryption, SHA-256 for the hash, and 3072-bit DH (Group 15):
crypto ikev2 proposal my-ikev2-proposal encryption aes-cbc-256 integrity sha256 group 15
Not all product versions support SHA-256 or IKE Group 14, 19, 20, or 24. Recent releases of Cisco IOS Software and some other product version releases have incorporated support for some of these features.
Many products are managed through a web interface using HTTPS. HTTPS uses SSL/Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt communications. TLS is the successor of SSL and provides encryption, authentication, and integrity for web communications. TLS 1.2 is the current version. Where possible, TLS 1.2 is preferred over SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0, and TLS 1.1. TLS is also used in various Cisco products to provide VPN services.
Cipher suites are combinations of security algorithms that are used in TLS. When configuring products that support TLS, administrators are advised to use secure algorithms in the cipher suites of the TLS negotiation when possible. Some recommendations are as follows:
Browsers should support the preceding cipher suites, as should the HTTP server or SSL VPN concentrator. However, not all product versions support the preceding cipher suites. Support is progressively added.
Panos Kampanakis (pkampana[at]cisco[dot]com)
Security Intelligence Operations
David McGrew (mcgrew[at]cisco[dot]com)
Cisco Fellow, Corporate Security Programs Office (CSPO)
Jay Young-Taylor (jyoungta[at]cisco[dot]com)
Escalation Support Engineer, Cisco Services
Wen Zhang (wzhang[at]cisco[dot]com)
Escalation Support Engineering, Cisco Services
Lonnie Harris (lonnieh[at]cisco[dot]com)
Test Engineer, Global Government Solutions Group (GGSG)
NIST SP 800-131A, B, and C
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html
NIST Transitions: Recommendation for Transitioning the Use of Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Lengths (SP800-131A)
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-131A/sp800-131A.pdf
IANA Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters
http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml
IANA Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Attributes
http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipsec-registry
The following table lists recommended cryptographic algorithms that satisfy minimum security requirements for technology as of October 2020.
Table 3. Recommended Minimum Security Algorithms
| Operation | Recommended Minimum Security Algorithms |
| Encryption | AES-128-GCM mode |
| Authentication | RSA-3072, DSA-3072 |
| Integrity | SHA-256 |
| Key exchange | DH Group 15 (3072-bit) |
First Published: April 2012
Last Updated: October 2020
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